Will Health And Medicine Ever Rule the World | Sugar | When you think about sugar, you probably think about sweet, white, crystalline table sugar, which you use to make cookies or to make your coffee sweet. But do you know that within our body, simple sugar molecules can be combined together to form powerful structures, which have recently been linked to health problems including cancer, aging and autoimmune diseases.
These long Sugar chains which cover each of our cells are called Glycans, and according to the National Academy of Sciences, making a map of their location and structure will give us the beginning of a new era of modern medicine. The reason for this is that human glycome - the complete collection of sugars within our body - are the glycans discovered so far in homes with the ability to help physicians diagnose and treat their patients.
Thank you for attracting attention throughout the world until the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, most people have heard of DNA, genomics and even proteomics - the study of proteins. But the study of glycons, also known as glycomics, is about 20 years behind from other areas. One of the reasons for this procrastination is that scientists have not developed the tools to identify glycone structures and their attachment sites on people's cells. "Chinese coat" is a mystery to some extent.
So far, that is.
While most laboratories focus on cellular or molecular research, our laboratory is devoted to developing technology to develop glycone structures and their attachment sites rapidly. Our ultimate goal is to list hundreds of thousands of sugars and their places on various types, and then use this information to use every medical treatment.
Why do we care about glycane?
In the future, it is likely that the analysis of a person's glycans will be used to estimate our risk for the development of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, cancer or even food allergy. This is because glycome change can be specially linked to special disease states. Apart from this, biological processes like aging are linked to swelling in our glycome. It has to be tested if reversal of these changes can help prevent disease, or even slow aging - an intriguing possibility.
With DNA, protein and fat, glycans are one of the four major macromolecules required for life. Of these four, Glycons are the ultimate mediator how our cells behave.
DNA orchestratus that resembles us, determines our ability to think and behave, and even those diseases for which we are most sensitive. In our DNA, small segments are genes, which often have instructions on how to synthesize proteins. In turn, protein cells have "workhorse", which cater to the many functions needed for life.
However, how a protein behaves, it often depends on what Glycone is connected to it. In other words, these Chinese molecules can very much influence how our proteins do their work, and even how our cells will respond to stimuli. For example, if you change some glycans outside of a cell, then it can trigger that cell to move to a different location in our body.
The main function of glycans is to modify the proteins and fats that sit on the surface of our cells. Together, they make a thick sugar coat around the cell. If we consider the cell surface to be soils, then glycon will be surprisingly diverse plant-life and leaves that color and identify in the cell. In fact, if you were able to see a cell with your naked eyes, it would look very fuzzy. 10 times more fuzzy picture with a peach.
Every single cell in the human body is covered by the collection of glycans, which are collected by using various simple sugars such as glucose, manoj, galactose, cialic acid, glucosamine and frucos as building blocks. By understanding the type of present sugar coat, our immune cells can identify other cells as friends or enemies. This is because bacteria have sugars on the surface which are never seen on human cells - pigmentation of sugars is felt by the immune system and this bacteria is made by the immune system. Recognizes as foreign. 'Emmanuel Mevarkis, CC by-SA.
Glycons label our own cells and recognize them as 'self'
The flue located around a cell is its glycone coat. Due to being outside our cells, glycogen is the first point of contact for most cellular interactions and thus affects how our cells communicate with each other. You can also think of Glycone as a unique cellular "barcode". Thus, the fuzz of a kidney cell will look different than the fuzz of an immune cell. But there are similarities too. In fact, immune cells that search for our bodies for pathogens, they know that our own "self" cells should not be attacked because Glycone "barcode" has common features that are shared by all the cells in our body. Goes away.
In contrast, bacteria such as malaria and parasites have different "sugar coats" which are not seen on human cells. When bacterial sugars are tagged as "foreign", a person's immune system targets bacteria for destruction. However, some harmful bacterial pathogens, such as Group B Streptococcus, which usually cause severe infections in infants, can detect immunosuppressive detection by applying human cells that carry a similar glycone as disguise - like sheep The wolf in the baby
Unfortunately some pathogens are able to use our glycons to make them the cause of the disease. Deadly viruses such as HIV and Ebola have evolved to develop specific glycans grip, which they then "lock" as they infect their human cells. Therapies, which either prevent these viruses from interacting with our glycans, or who attack the virus-specific glycans, may have a new avenue to treat these infections.
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| The sugars on our cells and bacterial cells label them as friends or enemies. Emmanuel Mevarkis, CC BY-SA |
New research has also shown that Glycine plays a major role in the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune pancreatitis. This is not surprising because glycans directly affect the function of immune cells.
Generally, our immune cells act as our body's "defense system" and identify and destroy foreign invaders such as harmful bacteria or viruses. But when the body accidentally perceives our own cells as an enemy and an internal attack on itself, then autoimmunity is created. The interesting thing is that in such cases, this is a glycon present on the self-attacking antibody which will determine the strength of the attack on the body. This unusual immune response can also be directed against Glycone. For example, the immune system can make the mistake of "self" glycans like they were "foreign" molecules. Our research team recently published an article in which Glycon theory of autoimmunity was introduced, which explains some of these relationships.
Glycans can trigger immune responses in our diet
There have been many studies regarding the use of red meat with diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes, but they have not been able to show that how it happened or how it happened till recently. An intensive study reveals that the culprit was a Chinese whose name was Uni-Aldi, Newman Signic N-Glycolinurinic Acid or Neur 5 GC Short. Neu5Gc is found in all mammals except for humans, because the early humans who could make Neu5Gc were killed by an ancient malaria parasite.
However, now we have a lack of ability to produce Neu5Gc, yet our body has the ability to include glycans on our cells if we get it by eating red meat. Once it becomes part of the glycone coat of our cells, then our cells have an "foreign" substance - Neu5Gc -. It can trigger inflammation throughout the body because our immune system recognizes Neuro 5GC as a "foreigner" and attacks it. Chronic inflammation caused by these internal attacks can lead to heart attack, stroke and even cancer.
Our bodies often synthesize thousands of unique glycons with structural structures made of simple sugars formed blocks. Protein or fat can also be modified by dozens of unique glycans. These countless combinations make glycine a difficult task because we need a pragmatic and efficient method to analyze hundreds of thousands of glycine patterns.
Our research team has now developed ways to rapidly monitor human glycos. By capitalization on the improvement in engineering progress and sample processing, our technology can monitor thousands of glycans at a time, which tells us the characteristics of glycans in patients with healthy control and various types of diseases. Our goal is to use this data to develop predictive models to help physicians diagnose and treat all human diseases. We believe that as soon as we unlock "Chinese code", a new wave of medical progress will emerge.
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